International Relations
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ArticlePublication Open Access Aleviliği tanımlamak: Türkiye’de dinin yönetimi, sekülerlik ve diyanet(Mülkiyeliler Birliği, 2015) Arslan, Berna Zengin; Humanities and Social Sciences; ARSLAN, BernaDiyanet, uzun süre akademik ve siyasi çevrelerce Türkiye’de laikliğin istisna bir kurumu, yeterince sekülerleşememiş olmamızın bir göstergesi olarak görüldü. Oysa bugün, özellikle antropoloji disiplini içinden, din ve sekülerliği birbirine zıt ve kesin sınırlarla ayrılmış olarak anlayan bu yaklaşıma eleştiriler getirilmekte ve bir ulus devlet pratiği olarak sekülerliğin kendini din alanıyla ilişki içinde kurduğu vurgulanmaktadır (Asad, 2003). Bu açıdan baktığımızda, farklı örnekler için seküler devletin elini din alanından çekmediğini, aksine din alanını yönettiğini (Turner, 2013) ve (modern anlamda) din alanında kurucu bir rol oynadığını görüyoruz (Asad, 2003). Daha önce, Bryan Turner’ın ‘dinin yönetimi’ (management of religion) kavramına referansla, Diyanet’in Cumhuriyet tarihi boyunca, din alanının ve sekülerliğin şekillenmesinde ve yönetiminde temel kurumlardan biri olduğunu vurgulamıştık (Turner ve Zengin Arslan, 2013). Bu makale ise, ‘dinin yönetimi’ kavramı yardımıyla, devletin Alevilik konusuna yaklaşımını analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Cumhuriyet rejiminin Aleviliği seküler kimlik içinde eriterek tanıdığını, bu anlamda Aleviliği yok saydığını; AKP iktidarı döneminde ise, AB süreciyle birlikte devletin ‘Alevi açılımı’na yöneldiğini; ancak bu süreçte iktidarın Aleviliği tanımak değil, kendi bakış açısından, Alevilere rağmen tanımlamaya yöneldiğini vurgulamaktadır. Bu tanımlamanın, Sünni İslam’ın din anlayışı üzerinden, Sünni İslam’a referansla ve Diyanet’in himayesinde yazılı kültüre geçirilme gibi bir dizi yönetim stratejisi ile gerçekleştirildiğini göstermektedir.ArticlePublication Open Access Alienated imagination through a mega development project in Turkey: the case of the Osman Gazi Bridge(Cambridge University Press, 2022-05) Sert, Deniz Şenol; Kuruüzüm, U.; International Relations; SERT, DenizSince the rise of the ruling Justice and Development Party in the early 2000s, Turkey has invested in several mega transport and infrastructure projects for the purposes of economic transformation, growth, and development. This article explores the impact of a recently completed mega-project - the Osman Gazi Bridge - on material change and popular imagination about the future. It claims that, while the Bridge created a colossal material change that can be observed by everyone, it also animated an imagined post-industrial transition and inclusive development in the industrial town of Dilovasl. Although the dream of a better future serves as a medium for the industrial town's underprivileged inhabitants to connect and socialize, along with the current marginalizing conditions, it also has the potential to fuel future resistance, if imagination is unable to be transformed into reality.EditorialPublication Open Access The American passport in Turkey: National citizenship in the age of transnationalism(Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi Derneği, 2021) Sert, Deniz Şenol; International Relations; SERT, DenizN/AArticlePublication Open Access Araştırma sürecini açmak: bir vaka ve bir sosyoloji araştırması(Uluslararası Kıbrıs Üniversitesi, 2015) Gür, Faik; International Relations; GÜR, FaikAraştırma süreci, felsefi sorunsallaştırmadan “self-reflexivity” tartışmalarına ve sürecin sadece mekanik yönünün kayda alınması gibi hafıza oluşturma eylemine kadar geniş bir yelpazede ele alınabilecek bir süreçtir. Süreci bilgi üretme alanına dahil etmek ayrıca problemli bir meseledir. İçinde araştırmacılar için “tehlikeler” barındırmıyor demek yanlış olur. Örneğin alan deneyimi ya da tanıklığını yazarken kurgu ya da anı olarak değerlendirebilecek bir noktaya varabilirsiniz. Disiplinler arası çalışmaları önemsemek, bu şekilde ortaya çıkabilecek uç noktaları törpüleyebilir ama bir disipline özgü derinliğin kazandıracağı sorgulama düzeyini tutturamama, her zaman yüksek bir olasılık olarak ortada durmaktadır. Bir taraftan her disiplinin hassaslıklarına hakim olabilmek diğer taraftan konuyu her disiplinin göremediği bir kör noktadan sunabilmek, kotarılması kolay olmayan bir formasyon demektir. Bunu aşmanın en etkili yollarından birisi kuşkusuz farklı disiplinlerde uzmanlaşmış araştırmacıların birlikte çalışmasıdır.ArticlePublication Open Access Bir tütün köyünde tarımsal dönüşüm ve kadın emeği(Uluslararası Kıbrıs Üniversitesi, 2016) Gür, Faik; International Relations; GÜR, FaikOrta büyüklükte bir Türk köyünde büyüdüm. Köy, İç Ege yöresindeydi. Yöre toprağı görece verimsiz ve çorak olmakla birlikte 1960'lardan itibaren en iyi kalite tütün üretilmekteydi. Sulama sistemleri olmadığı için pamuk ve benzeri ürünlerin yetiştirilmesine toprak uygun değildi. Ancak Banaz Çayı kıyısında bulunan bir miktar verimli ve sulanabilir arazide üzüm ve bazı sebzeler yetiştirilebiliyordu. Üretimi 2000 yılında sınırlanana kadar tütün dışındaki tüm tarımsal üretim faaliyetlerinin köy ekonomisi üzerindeki etkisi hayli sınırlıydı. 1980 ve 1990lardaki tütün üretiminde uzmanlaşma, köyün ekonomik faaliyetlerindeki metalaşma süreçlerini yoğunlaştırdı. Örneğin, köyün geçimlik düzeyi meta düzeyine dönüştü. Geçimlik düzeyindeki mal ve hizmetlerin çoğu metalaştı. Süt, yumurta ve ekmek gibi bu alana ait ürünler köy bakkalında satılır oldu. Bu makalede, köydeki metalaşma süreçlerindeki emek ve hizmet arzının çoğunlukla ataerkil düzenin etkisinde örgütlenen kadın emeğine bağlı olduğunu ileri sürüyorum. Mevcut yapıya karşın kadınların, karşılıklı emek değişimi ve kadın yardımlaşma toplantıları gibi yollarla sosyal alanı nasıl kullandıklarını, varlıklarını nasıl güçlendirdiklerini ve karar verme süreçlerinde nasıl yer aldıklarını inceliyorum.ArticlePublication Open Access Breaking the stalemate in the study of the relationship of mutual military buildups, arms races, and militarized disputes: The Greece-Turkey/Ottoman Empire cases(Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research İhsan Doğramacı Peace Foundation, 2023-04) Nioutsikos, I.; Travlos, Konstantinos; Daskalopoulou, M.; International Relations; TRAVLOS, KonstantinosThe most recent surveys on the study of the connection between mutual military buildups, arms races, and military interstate disputes (MID) warn of research projects, especially in the case of the Greece-Turkey dyad, that have reached a stalemate. This is due to the difficulty of capturing motivations, which constitute the main variable that turns mutual military buildups into arms races. Using the Greece-Ottoman Empire and Greece-Turkey dyads as proof-of-concept cases, we advance a novel approach for analyzing the interrelation between mutual military buildups, arms races, and MIDs that can overcome that stalemate. We suggest a two-stage approach that focuses on the dyad as a unit of analysis. In the first stage, which we preset here, we use rivalry to divide dyad history into periods of differing subsistence military spending. We then locate periods of mutual military buildups in the different rivalry periods of a dyad history. We argue that this process provides a more nuanced and detailed grasp on the presence of mutual military buildups in a dyad. It also provides the foundation for the future second stage of analysis, where qualitative research can focus on the specific periods of mutual military buildups to unearth indicators of motivation.ArticlePublication Open Access Caricaturing the enemy: caricatures and the Greek-Turkish War 1919-1922(Cracow Tertium Society for the Promotion of Language Studies, 2022) Travlos, Konstantinos; Akyüz, D.; Mert-Travlos, C.; International Relations; TRAVLOS, KonstantinosA century ago, the Greek-Turkish War of 1919-1922 (Turkish War of Liberation/Asia Minor Campaign) was reaching its culmination point. The war was also fought in the pages of the Press. In this study, we look at the characteristics of the caricatures marshalled in the war effort by three publications. The Greek newspaper Skrip, and the Turkish satirical magazines Karagöz and Güleryüz. We find that most expectations based on semiotics and the concept of interstate rivalry are borne out. Depictions of the ‘Other’ are generally negative. That said we also find that Skrip dedicated the majority of its caricatures to targeting the internal ‘Other’, the Venizelist faction during the National Schism, in contrast to the more focused targeting of the Greek ‘Other’ by the Turkish publications. This finding indicates the dominance of domestic conflicts over the external conflict even during the inflation point of the Greek-Turkish Interstate Rivalry of 1866-1925ArticlePublication Open Access Collective discussion: Movement and carceral spatiality in the pandemic(Oxford University Press, 2023-07-04) Shindo, R.; Altan-Olcay, Ö.; Paker, Evren Balta; Van Houtum, H.; Van Uden, A.; Rajaram, P. K.; Coward, M.; Pellander, S.; Huysmans, J.; International Relations; BALTA, EvrenVarious measures of mobility restrictions were introduced since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. This collective discussion examines them in relation to six different carceral techniques that govern movement: citizenship, nativism, colonialism, infrastructure, gender, and borders. We investigate how these spatializing techniques of carcerality have been modified and strengthened in the pandemic and their implications for how we conceptualize migration. Our conversation revolves around the relationality between movement and confinement to argue that they are not in opposition but work in tandem: Their meanings become interchangeable, and their relationship is reconfigured. In this collective discussion, we are interested in how to analyze movement/migration in ways that do not define the pandemic through temporal boundaries to mark its beginning and ending.ArticlePublication Open Access The composition of descriptive representation(Cambridge University Press, 2023) Gerring, J.; Jerzak, C. T.; Öncel, Erzen; International Relations; YÜKLEYEN, Erzen ÖncelHow well do governments represent the societies they serve? A key aspect of this question concerns the extent to which leaders reflect the demographic features of the population they represent. To address this important issue in a systematic manner, we propose a unified approach for measuring descriptive representation. We apply this approach to newly collected data describing the ethnic, linguistic, religious, and gender identities of over fifty thousand leaders serving in 1,552 political bodies across 156 countries. Strikingly, no country represents social groups in rough proportion to their share of the population. To explain this shortfall, we focus on compositional factors - the size of political bodies as well as the number and relative size of social groups. We investigate these factors using a simple model based on random sampling and the original data described above. Our analyses demonstrate that roughly half of the variability in descriptive representation is attributable to compositional factors.ArticlePublication Open Access Debating the dual citizenship – integration nexus in Turkey(Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi Derneği İktisadi İşletmesi, 2019) Korfalı, D. K.; Sert, Deniz Şenol; International Relations; SERT, DenizThis article explores the institution of dual citizenship outside of the West and focuses on Turkey to assess the possible relationship between dual citizenship and the integration of migrants, drawing on Kymlicka and Norman's (2000) dimensions of citizenship framework, with its tripartite focus on formal status, activity and identity. The research incorporates the perspectives of the three key groups of actors involved in international migration: the host state, the major sending states, and the migrants themselves. Our findings indicate that dual citizenship is neither a barrier to, nor facilitator of, integration in the citizenship dimension of activity in Turkey. Rather, integration - perceived as economic participation by the great majority of the actors - is linked not to dual citizenship per se, but to the acquisition of citizenship in the host country.EditorialPublication Open Access Editorial(Wiley, 2020-02) Icduygu, A.; Rath, J.; Sert, Deniz Şenol; Ustubici, A.; International Relations; SERT, DenizN/AEditorialPublication Open Access Editorial, May 2020(Wiley, 2020-06) Icduygu, A.; Rath, J.; Sert, Deniz Şenol; Ustubici, A.; International Relations; SERT, DenizN/AArticlePublication Open Access From geopolitical competition to strategic partnership: Turkey and Russia after the cold war(Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi Derneği İktisadi İşletmesi, 2019) Paker, Evren Balta; International Relations; BALTA, EvrenThis article examines different analytical perspectives on Turkish-Russian relations and provides a conceptual history of developing connections between Turkey and Russia since the end of the Cold War. It first reviews evolving political relations, including military cooperation, and then focuses on economic relations, including energy cooperation. Finally, it discusses the socio-cultural aspects of bilateral relations, focusing on the movement of people. It shows how conflicting geopolitical interests have overshadowed the increasing economic cooperation and cultural exchange that had marked the previous two decades of bilateral relations. Although Turkey and Russia have competing regional interests, their dissatisfaction with and resentment of Western policies is one of the major reasons for their reluctant geopolitical cooperation. This article emphasizes the need for a multi-causal and analytically eclectic approach to analyzing Turkish-Russian relations that selectively recombines analytic components of causal mechanisms in competing research traditions.ArticlePublication Open Access Islands in a sea of fog: a rapid evidence assessment of quantitative research in the pre-1816 period(Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi, 2016) Travlos, Konstantinos; International Relations; TRAVLOS, KonstantinosIn this manuscript I present a rapid evidence assessment of articles that use quantitative methods to analyze peace and conflict dynamics, and topics relevant to conflict processes, in temporal domains that include periods before 1816. The study of pre-modern international relations using quantitative methods is a minority endeavor in the field. Using a semi-random sample of 54 articles published between 1970-2015 I familiarize scholars with this scholarly corpus. I evaluate what that corpus can tell us about the argument that the pre-1816 period is to different from the post-1816 period for useful cross-period comparison. The findings do not support such an argument of difference.EditorialPublication Open Access Letter from the Editors(Wiley, 2022-02) İçduygu, A.; Rath, J.; Sert, Deniz Şenol; Üstübici, A.; International Relations; SERT, DenizN/AArticlePublication Open Access Making a case over Greco-Turkish rivalry: major power linkages and rivalry strength(Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi Derneği İktisadi İşletmesi, 2018) Sert, Deniz Şenol; Travlos, Konstantinos; International Relations; TRAVLOS, Konstantinos; SERT, DenizThe goal of the paper is to explore how the intensity of the Greco-Turkish rivalry (in the 19th and 20th centuries) was affected by variation in the intensity of rivalries between major powers that have political and military connections to Greece and Turkey. By comparing the effect of relevant major power rivalries with a battery of alternative domestic, dyadic, military, and political variables, the article serves as a deductive evaluation to see how important, if at all, variation in the volatility of intensity of the relevant major power rivalries is on the Greek-Turkish rivalry intensity volatility.Book ChapterPublication Open Access Migration from Central and Eastern Europe to Turkey(Springer Nature, 2018) Korfalı, Deniz Karcı; Acar, Tuğba; Scholten, P.; van Ostaijen, M.Until recently, despite the fact that the country had received many immigrants since the initial years of the Republic, migration literature treated Turkey as a country of emigration. Turkey’s position in the international migration system, and thus, in the migration literature, has changed only recently to a country of transit and immigration. In this regard, the literature on international migration in Turkey is still very limited and either focused on mobility of specific groups, or on general historical trends. In this frame, focusing on current trends and implications of Central and Eastern European (CEE) migration in Turkey is a novel task. However, as the collection and distribution of international migration data have been generally neglected and a large portion of international migration in Turkey is on irregular basis, this is a challenging task. In addition to the limited data availability, the heavy internal and external migrant population also complicates migration research and blurs the distinction between the implications of CEE migration and migration in general.ArticlePublication Open Access Mobilization follies in international relations: A multimethod exploration of why some decision makers fail to avoid war when public mobilization as a bargaining tool fails(Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research, Ihsan Dogramaci Peace Foundation, 2019-07) Travlos, Konstantinos; International Relations; TRAVLOS, KonstantinosThis paper is intended to serve as a show and tell model for graduate students. Sections in parentheses and italics provide a running commentary by the author on the decisions taken throughout the paper. The goal is to permit students to follow the thinking of the researcher and see how it guided the theoretical, methodological and other decisions on content that finally made it into the paper. The paper in question explores how "public" military mobilization can be an attempt by weak actors to trigger intervention by third parties in a dispute with a stronger actor, in the hopes that the third parties will force the stronger actor to accommodate the weaker actor. This attempt is called "compellence via proxy". In this research I explore why in reaction to failure, some weak actors are able to avoid escalation to war, while others are not. I posit that the flexibility of the decision makers of the weak actors is influenced by their ability to overhaul their winning coalition. A large-n evaluation of 68 cases of "public" mobilization, and an evaluation of six Balkan state mobilizations in the 1878-1909 em, do not support the idea that the size of the winning coalition, a part of the factors determining overhaul, has an association with war onset or its avoidance.EditorialPublication Open Access New year message from the editors(Wiley, 2021-02) İçduygu, A.; Rath, J.; Sert, Deniz Şenol; Üstübici, A.; International Relations; SERT, DenizN/AArticlePublication Open Access (Non-)deport to discipline: The daily life of Afghans in Turkey(Oxford University Press, 2023-10-31) Karadağ, S.; Sert, Deniz Şenol; International Relations; SERT, DenizThis study contributes to discussions on the politics of (non-)deportability by focusing on the case of Afghans, the largest migrant community without a right to protection in Turkey, itself the country hosting the most refugees. This article examines how the politics of (non-)deportation is shaped and practiced for Afghans and the types of everyday strategies they employ to deal with deportability. We first argue that the politics of deportation in Turkey is predominantly shaped by the needs of the informal labour market, which accounts for one-third of the total labour force. Our findings suggest that forced labour and the hypermobility of Afghans is both tolerated and hidden by the state, while Afghans' fear of deportability operates as a disciplining apparatus. Second, we argue that, when spectacles of deportation are performed, three crucial factors help Afghans avoid deportation, namely their qawm-based (ethnic or kinship) background, the involvement of Afghan associations, and street-level negotiations with the authorities.