Publication: Aleviliği tanımlamak: Türkiye’de dinin yönetimi, sekülerlik ve diyanet
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Abstract
Diyanet, uzun süre akademik ve siyasi çevrelerce Türkiye’de laikliğin istisna bir kurumu, yeterince sekülerleşememiş olmamızın bir göstergesi olarak görüldü. Oysa bugün, özellikle antropoloji disiplini içinden, din ve sekülerliği birbirine zıt ve kesin sınırlarla ayrılmış olarak anlayan bu yaklaşıma eleştiriler getirilmekte ve bir ulus devlet pratiği olarak sekülerliğin kendini din alanıyla ilişki içinde kurduğu vurgulanmaktadır (Asad, 2003). Bu açıdan baktığımızda, farklı örnekler için seküler devletin elini din alanından çekmediğini, aksine din alanını yönettiğini (Turner, 2013) ve (modern anlamda) din alanında kurucu bir rol oynadığını görüyoruz (Asad, 2003). Daha önce, Bryan Turner’ın ‘dinin yönetimi’ (management of religion) kavramına referansla, Diyanet’in Cumhuriyet tarihi boyunca, din alanının ve sekülerliğin şekillenmesinde ve yönetiminde temel kurumlardan biri olduğunu vurgulamıştık (Turner ve Zengin Arslan, 2013). Bu makale ise, ‘dinin yönetimi’ kavramı yardımıyla, devletin Alevilik konusuna yaklaşımını analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Cumhuriyet rejiminin Aleviliği seküler kimlik içinde eriterek tanıdığını, bu anlamda Aleviliği yok saydığını; AKP iktidarı döneminde ise, AB süreciyle birlikte devletin ‘Alevi açılımı’na yöneldiğini; ancak bu süreçte iktidarın Aleviliği tanımak değil, kendi bakış açısından, Alevilere rağmen tanımlamaya yöneldiğini vurgulamaktadır. Bu tanımlamanın, Sünni İslam’ın din anlayışı üzerinden, Sünni İslam’a referansla ve Diyanet’in himayesinde yazılı kültüre geçirilme gibi bir dizi yönetim stratejisi ile gerçekleştirildiğini göstermektedir.
The Diyanet has long been considered as an exceptional institution of Turkish secularism and evidence showing that secularism in Turkey is indeed flawed. However, recently, the scholars of the anthropology of secularism have criticized this approach, which understands religion and secularism as oppositional, and segregated with clear boundaries. The critics have argued that secularism as a practice of the nation-state has built itself in relation to the field of religion (Asad, 2003). Looking from this perspective, we observe that for various examples, the secular state does not withdraw from the religious domain; rather, it manages the field of religion (Turner, 2013) and constructs it in a modern sense (Asad, 2003). Previously, in reference to Bryan S. Turner’s concept of ‘management of religion,’ we had argued that throughout the history of Republic the Diyanet has been one of the major institutions that shaped and managed the field of religion and secularism in Turkey (Turner and Zengin Arslan, 2013). In this article, I analyze the state’s approach to Alevism in reference to the concept of ‘management of religion.’ This article suggests that the Republican regime recognized Alevism by dissolving it into a secular identity. In this sense it did not indeed recognize Alevis with their religious identities. During the Justice and Development Party period, the ‘Alevi opening’ process was initiated as a part of the EU integration process. However, the article argues, in this process the government had an approach of defining Alevism from its own perspective, rather than recognizing them in their own terms. The state wanted to define Alevism through and in reference to Sunni İslam, and by utilizing a series of strategies of governmentality, such as producing a written Alevi culture with the leadership of the Diyanet.
The Diyanet has long been considered as an exceptional institution of Turkish secularism and evidence showing that secularism in Turkey is indeed flawed. However, recently, the scholars of the anthropology of secularism have criticized this approach, which understands religion and secularism as oppositional, and segregated with clear boundaries. The critics have argued that secularism as a practice of the nation-state has built itself in relation to the field of religion (Asad, 2003). Looking from this perspective, we observe that for various examples, the secular state does not withdraw from the religious domain; rather, it manages the field of religion (Turner, 2013) and constructs it in a modern sense (Asad, 2003). Previously, in reference to Bryan S. Turner’s concept of ‘management of religion,’ we had argued that throughout the history of Republic the Diyanet has been one of the major institutions that shaped and managed the field of religion and secularism in Turkey (Turner and Zengin Arslan, 2013). In this article, I analyze the state’s approach to Alevism in reference to the concept of ‘management of religion.’ This article suggests that the Republican regime recognized Alevism by dissolving it into a secular identity. In this sense it did not indeed recognize Alevis with their religious identities. During the Justice and Development Party period, the ‘Alevi opening’ process was initiated as a part of the EU integration process. However, the article argues, in this process the government had an approach of defining Alevism from its own perspective, rather than recognizing them in their own terms. The state wanted to define Alevism through and in reference to Sunni İslam, and by utilizing a series of strategies of governmentality, such as producing a written Alevi culture with the leadership of the Diyanet.
Date
2015
Publisher
Mülkiyeliler Birliği