Psychology

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10679/320

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Open Access
Dilation and constriction of subjective time based on observed walking speed
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2018-12-21) Karşılar, Hakan; Kısa, Y. D.; Balcı, F.; Psychology; KARŞILAR, Hakan
The physical properties of events are known to modulate perceived time. This study tested the effect of different quantitative (walking speed) and qualitative (walking-forward vs. walking-backward) features of observed motion on time perception in three complementary experiments. Participants were tested in the temporal discrimination (bisection) task, in which they were asked to categorize durations of walking animations as "short" or "long." We predicted the faster observed walking to speed up temporal integration and thereby to shift the point of subjective equality leftward, and this effect to increase monotonically with increasing walking speed. To this end, we tested participants with two different ranges of walking speeds in Experiment 1 and 2 and observed a parametric effect of walking speed on perceived time irrespective of the direction of walking (forward vs. rewound forward walking). Experiment 3 contained a more plausible backward walking animation compared to the rewound walking animation used in Experiments 1 and 2 (as validated based on independent subjective ratings). The effect of walking-speed and the lack of the effect of walking direction on perceived time were replicated in Experiment 3. Our results suggest a strong link between the speed but not the direction of perceived biological motion and subjective time.
Open Access
Pre-attentive mismatch response and involuntary attention switching to a deviance in an earlier-than-usual auditory stimulus: An ERP study
(Frontiers Media, 2019-03-06) Ungan, P.; Karşılar, Hakan; Yagcioglu, S.; Psychology; KARŞILAR, Hakan
An acoustic stimulus elicits an electroencephalographic response called auditory even-trelated potential (ERP). When some members of a stream of standard auditory stimuli are replaced randomly by a deviant stimulus and this stream is presented to a subject who ignores the stimuli, two different ERPs to deviant and standard stimuli are recorded. If the ERP to standard stimuli is subtracted from the ERP to deviant stimuli, the difference potential (DP) waveform typically exhibits a series of negativepositive-negative deflections called mismatch negativity (MMN), P3a, and reorienting negativity (RON), which are associated with pre-attentive change detection, involuntary attention switching, and reorienting of attention, respectively. The aim of the present study was to investigate how these pre-attentive processes are affected if the change occurs earlier than its usual timing implied by isochronous standard stimuli. In the MMN paradigm employed, 15% of the standards were randomly replaced by deviant stimuli which differed either in their pitch, their earlier onset time, or in both. Even-trelated responses to these three deviants [timely pitch change (R-TP), earlier onset (R-EO), earlier pitch change (R-EP)] and to standards (R-S) were recorded from 10 reading subjects. To maintain identical stimulation histories for the responses subtracted from each other, "deviant-standard" difference potentials (DP) for "timely" and "early" pitch deviances were derived as follows: DPTP = R-TP - R-S and DPEP = R-EP - R-EO. Interestingly, the MMN components of the DPs to timely and early pitch deviances had similar amplitudes, indicating that regularity of stimulus timing does not provide any benefit for the pre-attentive auditory change detection mechanism. However, different scalp current density (SCD) dynamics of the MMN/P3a complexes, elicited by timely and early pitch deviances, suggested that an auditory change in a stimulus occurring earlier-than-usual initiates a faster and more effective call-for-attention and causes stronger attention switching than a timely change. SCD results also indicated that the temporal, frontal, and parietal MMN components are simultaneously present rather than emerging sequentially in time, supporting the MMN models based on parallel deviance processing in the respective cortices. Similarity of the RONs to timely and early pitch deviances indicated that reorienting of attention is of the same strength in two cases.
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Symbolism overshadows the effect of physical size in supra-second temporal illusions
(Springer Nature, 2019-11) Karşılar, Hakan; Balcı, F.; Psychology; KARŞILAR, Hakan
The perception of quantities has been suggested to rely on shared, magnitude-based representational systems that preserve metric properties. As such, different quantifiable dimensions that can characterize any given stimulus (e.g., size, speed, or numerosity) have been shown to modulate the perceived duration of these stimuli-a finding that has been attributed to cross-modal interaction among the quantity representations. However, these results are typically based on the isolated effects of a single stimulus dimension, leaving their potential combined effects uncharted. In the present study we aimed to investigate the joint effects of numerical magnitude and physical size on perceived time. In four complementary experiments, participants categorized six durations as "short" or "long," which were presented through combinations of Hindu-Arabic numerals in three font sizes, as well as with simple shapes (rectangles) and unfamiliar symbols (Klingon letters), the sizes of which corresponded to the font sizes of the Hindu-Arabic numerals. Our results showed temporal underestimation for the smallest numeral in the set (3), with no effects of font size on perceived duration. The perceived durations were longest for the physically smallest geometric stimuli (i.e., a rectangle), and the font size of symbol-like stimuli (i.e., Klingon letters) was not found to have an effect on perceived time. Finally, presenting only one numeral (6) instead of the rectangle once again eliminated the relationship between physical size and perceived time, suggesting an overshadowing of physical-size-based influences on temporal choice behavior, presumably by perceived symbolism. Our results point at the complex nature of the interaction between different magnitude representations.
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The timing database: An open-access, live repository for interval timing studies
(Springer, 2024-01) Aydoğan, T.; Karşılar, Hakan; Psychology; KARŞILAR, Hakan
Interval timing refers to the ability to perceive and remember intervals in the seconds to minutes range. Our contemporary understanding of interval timing is derived from relatively small-scale, isolated studies that investigate a limited range of intervals with a small sample size, usually based on a single task. Consequently, the conclusions drawn from individual studies are not readily generalizable to other tasks, conditions, and task parameters. The current paper presents a live database that presents raw data from interval timing studies (currently composed of 68 datasets from eight different tasks incorporating various interval and temporal order judgments) with an online graphical user interface to easily select, compile, and download the data organized in a standard format. The Timing Database aims to promote and cultivate key and novel analyses of our timing ability by making published and future datasets accessible as open-source resources for the entire research community. In the current paper, we showcase the use of the database by testing various core ideas based on data compiled across studies (i.e., temporal accuracy, scalar property, location of the point of subjective equality, malleability of timing precision). The Timing Database will serve as the repository for interval timing studies through the submission of new datasets.

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