Psychology

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10679/320

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 181

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Prosocial moral reasoning and prosocial behavior among Turkish and Spanish adolescents
(Society for Personality Research, 2012) Kumru, Asiye; Carlo, G.; Mestre, M. V.; Samper, P.; Psychology; KUMRU, Asiye
Prosocial moral reasoning and behavior of young people in early and middle adolescence were examined in relation to the association among the variable of cultural group, age, and gender. Adolescents from Valencia, Spain (673 boys, 579 girls) and Ankara, Turkey (185 boys, 145 girls) participated in this study. Results showed significant cultural group differences on both prosocial moral reasoning subscales and peer rating of prosocial behavior with Spanish adolescents scoring higher than Turkish adolescents, and in the pattern of relationships between these variables. There were also age group and gender differences on some types of prosocial moral reasoning and behaviors, but the effect sizes were small and the differences were very small. Findings suggest culture-specific patterns of prosocial behavior among the adolescents in the two samples.
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Students’ self-presentation on Facebook: an examination of personality and self-construal factors
(Elsevier, 2012-11) Chen, B.; Marcus, Justin; Psychology; MARCUS, Justin
The present research seeks to extend existing theory on self-disclosure to the online arena in higher educational institutions and contribute to the knowledge base and understanding about the use of a popular social networking site (SNS), Facebook, by college students. We conducted a non-experimental study to investigate how university students (N = 463) use Facebook, and examined the roles that personality and culture play in disclosure of information in online SNS-based environments. Results showed that individuals do disclose differently online vs. in-person, and that both culture and personality matter. Specifically, it was found that collectivistic individuals low on extraversion and interacting in an online environment disclosed the least honest and the most audience-relevant information, as compared to others. Exploratory analyses also indicate that students use sites such as Facebook primarily to maintain existing personal relationships and selectively used privacy settings to control their self-presentation on SNSs. The findings of this study offer insight into understanding college students’ self-disclosure on SNS, add to the literature on personality and self-disclosure, and shape future directions for research and practice on online self-presentation.
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The overall odds ratio as an intuitive effect size index for multiple logistic regression: examination of further refinements
(Sage, 2012-12) Le, H.; Marcus, Justin; Psychology; MARCUS, Justin
This study used Monte Carlo simulation to examine the properties of the overall odds ratio (OOR), which was recently introduced as an index for overall effect size in multiple logistic regression. It was found that the OOR was relatively independent of study base rate and performed better than most commonly used R-square analogs in indexing model strength. The authors also illustrate and test a jackknife procedure to correct for the bias in the OOR and estimate its standard error. An example applying the OOR to evaluate logistic regression models predicting organizational turnover is provided. The authors discuss implications and offer recommendations for using the OOR to quantify and compare the effectiveness of logistic regression models in applied research.
Open Access
Development and evaluation of an interface for pre-operative planning of cryoablation of a kidney tumor
(2013) Barkana, D. E.; Duru, D. G.; Duru, A. D.; Açık, Alper; Özkan, M.; Psychology; AÇIK, Alper
Surgical interfaces are used for the interpretation and quantification of the patient information, and for the presentation of an integrated workflow where all available data are combined to enable optimal treatments. Human factors research provides a systematic approach to design user interfaces with safety, accuracy, satisfaction and comfort. One of the human factors research called user-centered design approach is used to develop a surgical interface for pre-operative planning of cryoablation of a kidney tumor. Two experiments of a simulated cryoablation of a tumor task have been performed with surgeons to evaluate the proposed surgical interface using subjective (questionnaires) and objective (eye tracking) methods to obtain the best surgical interface configuration.
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The senior discount: biases against older career changers
(Wiley, 2013-02) Fritzsche, B.; Marcus, Justin; Psychology; MARCUS, Justin
This study examined age discrimination in between- vs. within-career job transitions. We expected that older workers transitioning into a new field would experience greater age discrimination than those who change jobs within the same field, particularly when amount of prior job experience is not made salient, and particularly when decision-makers were highly prejudiced. Results suggested that younger job applicants received higher suitability ratings than older job applicants, and job applicants making a within-career transition were rated higher than those making a between-career transition. As hypothesized, older job applicants making between-career transitions would receive the lowest ratings of suitability for hire when no information regarding experience was presented, and when decision-makers were highly prejudiced. Implications for the aging workforce are discussed.
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Interactive effects of levels of individualism–collectivism on cooperation: a meta-analysis
(Wiley, 2013-08) Marcus, Justin; Le, H.; Psychology; MARCUS, Justin
We examined the interactive effects of levels of individualism–collectivism (I–C) on cooperation at work by meta-analytically combining results obtained from 201 studies, representing 225 independent samples. I–C was operationalized at the individual, organizational, and societal levels of analyses. Cooperation was conceptualized at both individual and group levels of analysis. Both cooperative behavior and performance were included as outcomes. The correlation between individual-level I–C and cooperation/performance was stronger in collectivistic as opposed to individualistic societies. Similarly, the correlation between organizational-level I–C and cooperation was stronger in collectivistic societies. Results also indicated that individual-level and organizational-level I–C, but not societal-level I–C, were moderately related to study outcomes. Examination of other potential moderators indicated that neither study setting, I–C dimensionality, nor performance measurement type (objective vs subjective measures) altered these relations. However, a conceptual match between I–C and cooperation was a moderator such that effect sizes were generally larger when I–C and outcomes were both measured at the same level of analysis. Overall, our results indicate that I–C is both theoretically and empirically distinct across the various levels of analyses and that it may be a better predictor of outcomes in collectivistic as opposed to individualistic societies.
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Eradicating employment discrimination: toward a cultural values perspective
(Wiley, 2013-12) Marcus, Justin; Psychology; MARCUS, Justin
The article offers the author's insights on the paper by A. Lindsey and colleagues regarding the reduction of discrimination in employment. The author argues that the paper failed to provide a model by which diversity can be discussed and addressed. He discusses the cultural mosaic theory which states that shared cultural identities arise from interpersonal interactions and self. He cites some applications of the cultural values concept such as in employee recruitment, inclusion, and retention.
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The children's social understanding scale: construction and validation of a parent-report measure for assessing individual differences in children's theories of mind
(American Psychological Association, 2014) Tahiroğlu, Deniz; Moses, L. J.; Carlson, S. M.; Mahy, C. E. V.; Olofson, E. L.; Sabbagh, M. A.; Psychology; TAHİROĞLU, Deniz
Children’s theory of mind (ToM) is typically measured with laboratory assessments of performance. Although these measures have generated a wealth of informative data concerning developmental progressions in ToM, they may be less useful as the sole source of information about individual differences in ToM and their relation to other facets of development. In the current research, we aimed to expand the repertoire of methods available for measuring ToM by developing and validating a parent-report ToM measure: the Children’s Social Understanding Scale (CSUS). We present 3 studiesassessing the psychometric properties of the CSUS. Study 1 describes item analysis, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and relation of the scale to children’s performance on laboratory ToM tasks. Study 2 presents cross-validation data for the scale in a different sample of preschool children with a different set of ToM tasks. Study 3 presents further validation data for the scale with a slightly older age group and a more advanced ToM task, while controlling for several other relevant cognitive abilities. The findings indicate that the CSUS is a reliable and valid measure of individual differences in children’s ToM that may be of great value as a complement to standard ToM tasks in many different research contexts.
Open Access
Severe tests in neuroimaging: what we can learn and how we can learn it
(University of Chicago Press, 2014) Aktunç, Mahir Emrah; Psychology; AKTUNÇ, Mahir Emrah
Considerable methodological difficulties abound in neuroimaging and several philosophers of science have recently called into question the potential of neuroimaging studies to contribute to our knowledge of human cognition. These skeptical accounts suggest that functional hypotheses are underdetermined by neuroimaging data. I apply Mayo's error-statistical account to clarify the evidential import of neuroimaging data and the kinds of inferences it can reliably support. Thus, we can answer the question 'what can we reliably learn from neuroimaging?' and make sense of how this knowledge can contribute to novel construals of cognition.
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Öğrenileni/Ölçüleni Belirlemek: Bilişsel Nörobilim'de Kanıt ve Çıkarım
(2014) Aktunç, Emrah
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Bases of power and conflict intervention strategy: a study on Turkish managers
(Emerald Group Publishing, 2014-01) Kozan, M. K.; Ergin, Canan; Varoglu, K.; Psychology; ERGİN, Gül Canan
Purpose – This study aims to develop an influence perspective for managerial intervention in subordinates conflicts, which helps to represent various strategies identified in the literature in a single model. Managers' power base was then related to their intervention strategies. Drawing upon Social Judgment Theory, anchoring of subordinates positions is studied as a moderating variable.Design/methodology/approach – Thirty nine supervisors and their 165 subordinates from several organizations in Turkey filled out a questionnaire reporting power base of supervisor and their intervention strategy utilizing the critical incident technique.Findings – Referent power of superior led to mediation in subordinates' conflicts. However, mediation decreased while restructuring, arbitration, and educative strategies increased with increased anchoring of subordinates' positions. These latter strategies mostly relied on reward power of manager. Subordinate satisfaction was highest with mediation and lowest when supervisors distanced themselves from the conflict.Research limitations/implications – The present study could only test the moderating effect of escalation as an anchoring variable. Future studies may look at the anchoring effect of whether the dispute is handled in public or in private, and whether the parties have a competing versus collaborative or compromising styles.Practical implications – Training of managers in mediation may be essential in cultures where they play a focal role in handling subordinates conflicts. Such training may have to take into account their broader influence strategies and use of power.Originality/value – An influence perspective is useful in integrating the vast array of managerial intervention strategies in the literature. Furthermore, the anchoring effect provides a theoretical explanation for managers' use of more forceful intervention with less cooperative subordinates.
Open Access
Real and implied motion at the center of gaze
(Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, 2014-01) Açık, Alper; Bartel, A.; König, P.; Psychology; AÇIK, Alper
Even though the dynamicity of our environment is a given, much of what we know on fixation selection comes from studies of static scene viewing. We performed a direct comparison of fixation selection on static and dynamic visual stimuli and investigated how far identical mechanisms drive these. We recorded eye movements while participants viewed movie clips of natural scenery and static frames taken from the same movies. Both were presented in the same high spatial resolution (1080 × 1920 pixels). The static condition allowed us to check whether local movement features computed from movies are salient even when presented as single frames. We observed that during the first second of viewing, movement and static features are equally salient in both conditions. Furthermore, predictability of fixations based on movement features decreased faster when viewing static frames as compared with viewing movie clips. Yet even during the later portion of static-frame viewing, the predictive value of movement features was still high above chance. Moreover, we demonstrated that, whereas the sets of movement and static features were statistically dependent within these sets, respectively, no dependence was observed between the two sets. Based on these results, we argue that implied motion is predictive of fixation similarly to real movement and that the onset of motion in natural stimuli is more salient than ongoing movement is. The present results allow us to address to what extent and when static image viewing is similar to the perception of a dynamic environment.
Open Access
The contributions of image content and behavioral relevancy to overt attention
(Plos, 2014-04-15) Onat, S.; Açık, Alper; Schumann, F.; König, P.; Psychology; AÇIK, Alper
During free-viewing of natural scenes, eye movements are guided by bottom-up factors inherent to the stimulus, as well as top-down factors inherent to the observer. The question of how these two different sources of information interact and contribute to fixation behavior has recently received a lot of attention. Here, a battery of 15 visual stimulus features was used to quantify the contribution of stimulus properties during free-viewing of 4 different categories of images (Natural, Urban, Fractal and Pink Noise). Behaviorally relevant information was estimated in the form of topographical interestingness maps by asking an independent set of subjects to click at image regions that they subjectively found most interesting. Using a Bayesian scheme, we computed saliency functions that described the probability of a given feature to be fixated. In the case of stimulus features, the precise shape of the saliency functions was strongly dependent upon image category and overall the saliency associated with these features was generally weak. When testing multiple features jointly, a linear additive integration model of individual saliencies performed satisfactorily. We found that the saliency associated with interesting locations was much higher than any low-level image feature and any pair-wise combination thereof. Furthermore, the low-level image features were found to be maximally salient at those locations that had already high interestingness ratings. Temporal analysis showed that regions with high interestingness ratings were fixated as early as the third fixation following stimulus onset. Paralleling these findings, fixation durations were found to be dependent mainly on interestingness ratings and to a lesser extent on the low-level image features. Our results suggest that both low- And highlevel sources of information play a significant role during exploration of complex scenes with behaviorally relevant information being more effective compared to stimulus features.
Open Access
Improvement of design of a surgical interface using an eye tracking device
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2014-05) Erol Barkana, D.; Açık, Alper; Psychology; AÇIK, Alper
Surgical interfaces are used for helping surgeons in interpretation and quantification of the patient information, and for the presentation of an integrated workflow where all available data are combined to enable optimal treatments. Human factors research provides a systematic approach to design user interfaces with safety, accuracy, satisfaction and comfort. One of the human factors research called user-centered design approach is used to develop a surgical interface for kidney tumor cryoablation. An eye tracking device is used to obtain the best configuration of the developed surgical interface. Surgical interface for kidney tumor cryoablation has been developed considering the four phases of user-centered design approach, which are analysis, design, implementation and deployment. Possible configurations of the surgical interface, which comprise various combinations of menu-based command controls, visual display of multi-modal medical images, 2D and 3D models of the surgical environment, graphical or tabulated information, visual alerts, etc., has been developed. Experiments of a simulated cryoablation of a tumor task have been performed with surgeons to evaluate the proposed surgical interface. Fixation durations and number of fixations at informative regions of the surgical interface have been analyzed, and these data are used to modify the surgical interface. Eye movement data has shown that participants concentrated their attention on informative regions more when the number of displayed Computer Tomography (CT) images has been reduced. Additionally, the time required to complete the kidney tumor cryoablation task by the participants had been decreased with the reduced number of CT images. Furthermore, the fixation durations obtained after the revision of the surgical interface are very close to what is observed in visual search and natural scene perception studies suggesting more efficient and comfortable interaction with the surgical interface. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and Short Post-Assessment Situational Awareness (SPASA) questionnaire results have shown that overall mental workload of surgeons related with surgical interface has been low as it has been aimed, and overall situational awareness scores of surgeons have been considerably high. This preliminary study highlights the improvement of a developed surgical interface using eye tracking technology to obtain the best SI configuration. The results presented here reveal that visual surgical interface design prepared according to eye movement characteristics may lead to improved usability.
Open Access
Pancultural nostalgia: prototypical conceptions across cultures
(American Psychological Association, 2014-08) Hepper, E. G.; Wildschut, T.; Sedikides, C.; Ritchie, T. D.; Yung, Y.-F.; Hansen, N.; Abakoumkin, G.; Arıkan, Gizem; Cisek, S. Z.; Demassosso, D. B.; Gebauer, J. E.; Gerber, J. P.; Gonzalez, R.; Kusumi, T.; Misra, G.; Rusu, M.; Ryan, O.; Stephan, E.; Vingerhoets, A. J. J.; Zhou, X.; Psychology; ARIKAN, Gizem
Nostalgia is a frequently experienced complex emotion, understood by laypersons in the United Kingdom and United States of America to (a) refer prototypically to fond, self-relevant, social memories and (b) be more pleasant (e.g., happy, warm) than unpleasant (e.g., sad, regretful). This research examined whether people across cultures conceive of nostalgia in the same way. Students in 18 countries across 5 continents (N = 1,704) rated the prototypicality of 35 features of nostalgia. The samples showed high levels of agreement on the rank-order of features. In all countries, participants rated previously identified central (vs. peripheral) features as more prototypical of nostalgia, and showed greater interindividual agreement regarding central (vs. peripheral) features. Cluster analyses revealed subtle variation among groups of countries with respect to the strength of these pancultural patterns. All except African countries manifested the same factor structure of nostalgia features. Additional exemplars generated by participants in an open-ended format did not entail elaboration of the existing set of 35 features. Findings identified key points of cross-cultural agreement regarding conceptions of nostalgia, supporting the notion that nostalgia is a pancultural emotion.
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Erratum to: improvement of design of a surgical interface using an eye tracking device
(Springer Nature, 2014-11) Erol Barkana, D.; Açık, Alper; Duru, D. G.; Duru, A. D.; Psychology; AÇIK, Alper
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Linguistic representations of emotion terms: Within- culture variation with respect to education and self-construals
(Wiley, 2014-12) Gözkan, Ayfer Dost; Küntay, A. C.; Psychology; GÖZKAN, Ayfer Dost
The present study examines the linguistic representations of emotion terms in relation to educational attainment and self-construal through a two-part narration task. Eighty Turkish adults recounted four events that they experienced in the last five years of their lives (event-description task) and then described what they felt during these events (emotion-elicited narration task). The results show that higher levels of educational attainment and autonomous-related self-construal predicted higher levels of linguistic abstractness in emotion terms, whereas higher levels of related self-construal predicted lower levels of linguistic abstractness in emotion terms. Comparisons of the level of abstractness of emotion terms in event-descriptions and emotion-elicited narrations indicate that while the linguistic abstractness of emotion terms was similar across the two tasks in the lower-educated group, it increased in the emotion-elicited narration task in the higher-educated group. The role of formal education and self-construal in emotional language use were discussed as sources of within-culture variation.
Open Access
One too many categories: an experimental test on the effectiveness of a dual-identity recategorization intervention on age-based bias
(Elsevier, 2014-12) Marcus, Justin; Fritzsche, B. A.; Psychology; MARCUS, Justin
A laboratory experiment was conducted on a convenient sample of N = 724 introductory Psychology students from the southeastern United States, to test the effectiveness of a dual identity recategorization intervention when applied on age bias toward a hypothetical older adult, when applied on individuals both low and high on the spectrum of ageism, and when applied on members of the naturally occurring in-group, younger adults. As predicted by Optimal Distinctiveness Theory, the intervention served to worsen evaluations of an in-group target vis-à-vis a control group that was not exposed to the intervention, and especially when applied on individuals possessing lower amounts of the in-group bias in question, ageism. Moreover, although age-based stereotyping and in-group bias against an older applicant was demonstrated, the intervention was found to have no effect in changing evaluations of an older target relative to the control group. Results and implications for future research are discussed.
Open Access
Tackling Duhemian problems: an alternative to skepticism of neuroimaging in philosophy of cognitive science
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2014-12) Aktunç, Mahir Emrah; Psychology; AKTUNÇ, Mahir Emrah
Duhem’s problem arises especially in scientific contexts where the tools and procedures of measurement and analysis are numerous and complex. Several philosophers of cognitive science have cited its manifestations in fMRI as grounds for skepticism regarding the epistemic value of neuroimaging. To address these Duhemian arguments for skepticism, I offer an alternative approach based on Deborah Mayo’s error-statistical account in which Duhem's problem is more fruitfully approached in terms of error probabilities. This is illustrated in examples such as the use of probabilistic brain atlases, comparison of different preprocessing protocols with respect to their error characteristics, and statistical modeling of fMRI data. These examples demonstrate the ways in which we can better understand and formulate the general methodological problem and direct the way toward alternative approaches to neuroimaging in philosophy of cognitive science, in which we can be more balanced and productive in our scrutiny of the epistemic value of neuroimaging studies.
Open Access
One size doesn't fit all: toward a theory on the intersectional salience of ageism at work
(Sage, 2015) Marcus, Justin; Fritzsche, B. A.; Psychology; MARCUS, Justin
Much of the research on the effects of age in the workplace has ignored the role of contextual factors, and the intersection of multiple group identities. In seeking to address these shortcomings, we provide a theoretical integration and review. First, we review the literature on contextual factors that determine age salience. We then provide a review of the major and competing theories on the consequences of multiple subordinate group status on work outcomes. Finally, we seek to integrate these multiple streams of thought into a unified framework, by identifying when and how competing aspects of group membership become salient, and the consequences of category membership constellations for various subgroups of older workers. A theoretical framework and accompanying propositions are presented.

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