Psychology

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10679/320

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The effect of culture on trust in automation: reliability and workload
(ACM, 2018-11) Chien, S.-Y.; Lewis, M.; Sycara, K.; Liu, J.-S.; Kumru, Asiye; Psychology; KUMRU, Asiye
Trust in automation has become a topic of intensive study since the late 1990s and is of increasing importance with the advent of intelligent interacting systems. While the earliest trust experiments involved human interventions to correct failures/errors in automated control systems, a majority of subsequent studies have investigated information acquisition and analysis decision aiding tasks such as target detection for which automation reliability is more easily manipulated. Despite the high level of international dependence on automation in industry, almost all current studies have employed Western samples primarily from the U.S. The present study addresses these gaps by running a large sample experiment in three (U.S., Taiwan, and Turkey) diverse cultures using a “trust sensitive task” consisting of both automated control and target detection subtasks. This article presents results for the target detection subtask for which reliability and task load were manipulated. The current experiments allow us to determine whether reported effects are universal or specific to Western culture, vary in baseline or magnitude, or differ across cultures. Results generally confirm consistent effects of manipulations across the three cultures as well as cultural differences in initial trust and variation in effects of manipulations consistent with 10 cultural hypotheses based on Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions and Leung and Cohen's theory of Cultural Syndromes. These results provide critical implications and insights for correct trust calibration and to enhance human trust in intelligent automation systems across cultures. Additionally, our results would be useful in designing intelligent systems for users of different cultures. Our article presents the following contributions: First, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first set of studies that deal with cultural factors across all the cultural syndromes identified in the literature by comparing trust in the Honor, Face, Dignity cultures. Second, this is the first set of studies that uses a validated cross-cultural trust measure for measuring trust in automation. Third, our experiments are the first to study the dynamics of trust across cultures.
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Examining Toddlers’ problem behaviors: the role of SES, parenting stress, perceived support and negative intentionality
(Springer Nature, 2019-12) Arıkan, Gizem; Kumru, Asiye; Korkut, B.; İlhan, Ali Oğulcan; Psychology; ARIKAN, Gizem; KUMRU, Asiye; İlhan, Ali Oğulcan
ObjectivesWe aimed to explore profiles of mothers with respect to two key risk factors, SES and parenting stress, and then examine the role of maternal perceived social support and negative intentionality in toddlers' internalizing and externalizing behaviors in these mother profiles.MethodA sample of 463 mothers with 1-3 years old non-clinical toddlers completed scales. First, in Latent Profile Analysis (LPA), we identified two distinct mother profiles, as high SES-low stress (low-risk) and low SES-high stress (high-risk) groups. Then, we tested the pattern of associations among maternal perceived social support, negative intentionality, and child internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in a multi-group SEM analysis based on these two profiles.ResultsThere was a strong negative association between social support and both internalizing and externalizing behaviors in the low-risk profile mothers, but not in the high-risk profile mothers. Regardless of mothers' profiles, the perceived negative intentionality in toddlers' behaviors positively predicted both internalizing and externalizing behaviors. However, the perceived negative intentionality did not mediate the negative association between perceived social support and toddlers' problem behaviors.ConclusionOur findings suggest that mothers' negative attributions about child's behaviors can play a critical role at the early stages of problem behaviors and social support can be an important factor to decrease the child's externalizing problem behaviors especially for the low-risk group of mothers. Intervention programs should be designed with the differential contribution of social support and negative intentionality in the onset of toddlers' problem behaviors.
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Influence of cultural factors in dynamic trust in automation
(IEEE, 2016) Chien, S.-Y.; Lewis, M.; Sycara, K.; Liu, J.-S.; Kumru, Asiye; Psychology; KUMRU, Asiye
The use of autonomous systems has been rapidly increasing in recent decades. To improve human-automation interaction, trust has been closely studied. Research shows trust is critical in the development of appropriate reliance on automation. To examine how trust mediates the human-automation relationships across cultures, the present study investigated the influences of cultural factors on trust in automation. Theoretically guided empirical studies were conducted in the U.S., Taiwan and Turkey to examine how cultural dynamics affect various aspects of trust in automation. The results found significant cultural differences in human trust attitude in automation.
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Influence of culture, transparency, trust, and degree of automation on automation use
(IEEE, 2020-06) Chien, S. Y.; Lewis, M.; Sycara, K.; Kumru, Asiye; Liu, J. S.; Psychology; KUMRU, Asiye
The reported study compares groups of 120 participants each, from the United States (U.S.), Taiwan (TW), and Turkey (TK), interacting with versions of an automated path planner that vary in transparency and degree of automation. The nationalities were selected in accordance with the theory of cultural syndromes as representatives of Dignity (U.S.), Face (TW), and Honor (TK) cultures, and were predicted to differ in readiness to trust automation, degree of transparency required to use automation, and willingness to use systems with high degrees of automation. Three experimental conditions were tested. In the first, highlight, path conflicts were highlighted leaving rerouting to the participant. In the second, replanner made requests for permission to reroute when a path conflict was detected. The third combined condition increased transparency of the replanner by combining highlighting with rerouting to make the conflict on which decision was based visible to the user. A novel framework relating transparency, stages of automation, and trust in automation is proposed in which transparency plays a primary role in decisions to use automation but is supplemented by trust where there is insufficient information otherwise. Hypothesized cultural effects and framework predictions were confirmed.
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The longitudinal associations among temperament, parenting, and Turkish children's prosocial behaviors
(Wiley, 2017-06-19) Laible, D. J.; Kumru, Asiye; Carlo, G.; Streit, C.; Selcuk, B.; Sayil, M.; Psychology; KUMRU, Asiye
In Turkey, responsive behaviors toward kin are expected from children. Despite this, we know little about the factors that influence young Turkish children's prosocial behaviors. The goal was to explore how temperament and parenting are related to children's prosocial development in Turkey. A total of 293 Turkish children (Mage = 49 months; 48.12% females) were followed up for 3 years. Mothers completed measures of their child's prosocial behaviors, as well as measures of their warmth, inductive reasoning, and the child's approach and reactivity. Maternal warmth predicted children's reactivity, and maternal induction predicted children's sociability. Children's reactivity was inversely related to children's helping behavior and sociability was related to more prosocial behavior. Maternal warmth had indirect links with helping through lessening children's reactivity.
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Longitudinal relations among parenting daily hassles, child rearing, and prosocial and aggressive behaviors in Turkish children
(Wiley, 2018-02) Gülseven, Z.; Carlo, G.; Streit, C.; Kumru, Asiye; Selçuk, B.; Sayıl, M.; Psychology; KUMRU, Asiye
The present study was designed to examine the longitudinal relations between parenting daily hassles and young children's later prosocial and aggressive behaviors, as well as the mediating role of parenting practices in a non‐Western society. The final sample was 159 middle class Turkish school age children (45.3% girls, Mage= 84.69 months, 76.9% from public school, 23.1% from private school in Bolu, Ankara, and İstanbul) and their mothers. Overall, we found longitudinal evidence that parenting daily hassles, warmth, and physical punishment were significantly and differentially associated with children's prosocial and aggressive behaviors 3 years later. The present findings extend our understanding of the interplay of parenting and stress in predicting children's prosocial and aggressive development in a non‐Western culture.
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The mediational roles of harsh and responsive parenting in the longitudinal relations between socioeconomic status and Turkish children’s emotional development
(Sage, 2018-11) Gülseven, Z.; Kumru, Asiye; Carlo, G.; Palermo, F.; Selçuk, B.; Sayıl, M.; Psychology; KUMRU, Asiye
This study examined the associations among the socioeconomic status (SES) of Turkish families when children (N = 340, Mean age = 83 months, SD = 3.59, 50.3% boys) were approximately 7 years of age (Time 1) and their emotional lability and emotion regulation tendencies 3 years later (Time 3). We also examined the mediating roles of mothers’ harsh and responsive parenting behaviors when children were 9 years of age (Time 2). Results revealed that family SES was positively linked to parental responsiveness and negatively linked to harsh parenting; harsh parenting was positively linked to children’s emotion lability and negatively linked to children’s emotion regulation (after controlling for prior levels of emotion regulation and emotional lability at Time 2). Further, harsh parenting significantly mediated the associations between family SES and children’s emotional lability and emotion regulation tendencies. The pattern of associations did not vary by child gender or community (e.g., Istanbul, Ankara, Bolu) in Turkey. The findings highlight the interplay among family SES, maternal parenting behaviors, and children’s self-regulation outcomes in a non-Western, collectivist society.
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Patterns of associations between maternal symptoms and child problem behaviors: the mediating role of mentalization, negative intentionality, and unsupportive emotion socialization
(Springer Nature, 2021-08) Arıkan, Gizem; Kumru, Asiye; Psychology; ARIKAN, Gizem; KUMRU, Asiye
We examined how maternal depression, anxiety, hostility, mentalization, negative intentionality (NI), and unsupportive emotion socialization (UES) predict child internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors (CIEPB). Mothers (N = 537) of toddlers (M-age = 23.26 months,Range10-44 months) completed the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, the Infant Intentionality Questionnaire, the Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale, and the Child Behavior Checklist. All maternal symptoms negatively predicted mentalization and positively predicted NI, UES, and CIEPB. NI and UES mediated the relationship between maternal symptoms and CIEPB. Negative intentionality mediated the link between maternal hostility and internalizing behaviors, indicating a possible intervention area. Mentalization had an effect on externalizing behaviors only for high-SES, anxious mothers, underscoring the role of SES. Thus, the relationship between maternal symptoms, cognitive and behavioral parenting characteristics and CIEPB supports the multifinality principle for early childhood psychopathology development and shows the importance of screening for maternal symptoms and CIEPB.
Open Access
A person-based approach to emotion socialization in toddlerhood: Individual differences in maternal emotion regulation, mental-health and parental sense of competence
(Nature Research, 2023-08-21) Arıkan, Gizem; Kumru, Asiye; Psychology; ARIKAN, Gizem; KUMRU, Asiye
Mothers adopt various emotion socialization strategies and sometimes exhibit contradictory responses. Thus, it is essential to understand how mothers differentiate in their use of emotion socialization strategies, and whether a set of emotion socialization responses is associated with individual differences in emotion regulation, mental health, and parental sense of competence during toddlerhood. Therefore, we used a person-centred approach to identify mothers’ emotion socialization responses and then compared mothers based on the aforementioned characteristics. The mothers (N = 680) with toddlers (M = 23.56 months) responded to the Coping with Toddlers’ Negative Emotions Scale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the Parental Sense of Competence Scale. The 3-profile-solution revealed: Unspecified (moderate scores in all emotion socialization strategies), supportive (high scores in supportive emotion socialization strategies) and mixture profiles (high in all emotion socialization strategies). The supportive and mixture profiles scored highly in cognitive reappraisal. Unspecified and mixture profiles did not vary in expressive suppression and mental health symptoms, but they scored lower than supportive profile mothers. In the parental sense of competence, the supportive profile scored higher than the mixture profile. The results showed mothers mainly using supportive emotion socialization strategies can demonstrate adequate emotion regulation and benefit from psychological well-being that potentially boosts parenting competence.
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Prosocial moral reasoning and prosocial behavior among Turkish and Spanish adolescents
(Society for Personality Research, 2012) Kumru, Asiye; Carlo, G.; Mestre, M. V.; Samper, P.; Psychology; KUMRU, Asiye
Prosocial moral reasoning and behavior of young people in early and middle adolescence were examined in relation to the association among the variable of cultural group, age, and gender. Adolescents from Valencia, Spain (673 boys, 579 girls) and Ankara, Turkey (185 boys, 145 girls) participated in this study. Results showed significant cultural group differences on both prosocial moral reasoning subscales and peer rating of prosocial behavior with Spanish adolescents scoring higher than Turkish adolescents, and in the pattern of relationships between these variables. There were also age group and gender differences on some types of prosocial moral reasoning and behaviors, but the effect sizes were small and the differences were very small. Findings suggest culture-specific patterns of prosocial behavior among the adolescents in the two samples.
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The protective role of early prosocial behaviours against young Turkish children’s later internalizing and externalizing problems
(Taylor & Francis, 2022-05-04) Gülseven, Z.; Carlo, G.; Kumru, Asiye; Sayıl, M.; Selçuk, B.; Psychology; KUMRU, Asiye
This study examined the protective roles of early prosocial behaviours (at age 4) on later internalizing and externalizing problems (at age 6) and to what extent emotion regulation skills (at age 5) mediated these longitudinal associations in children from Turkey. Participants were 293 Turkish preschool children (M-age = 49.01 months; 141 girls). Results showed that higher prosocial behaviours at age 4 were linked to higher emotion regulation at age 5, which, in turn, was linked to less internalizing problems at age 6. Additionally, prosocial behaviours at age 4 were negatively linked to emotional lability at age 5, which, in turn, was positively linked to externalizing problems at age 6. We also found that higher prosocial behaviours at age 4 were directly and negatively linked to both less internalizing and externalizing problems at age 6. These results were robust for boys and girls and children who lived in big and small cities. Overall, there was supportive evidence on the protective roles of earlier prosocial behaviours on later internalizing and externalizing problems. These findings extend existing models of risk and resilience to a sample of children from a non-Western, relatively collectivist-oriented culture and inform our understanding of these posited relations in young children.
Open Access
The relation between interparental conflict and adolescent's adjustment problems: the mediator role of parental control practices
(Turkish Psychological Association, 2019) Sayıl, M.; Tepe, Y. K.; Kumru, Asiye; Psychology; KUMRU, Asiye
This study aims to explore the maternal and paternal psychological and behavioral (monitoring) control as mediators in the relationships of adolescent's perceived interparental conflict with bullying and loneliness. A total of 542 adolescents (316 females, 226 males) coming from middle SES families and from 7th to 10th grades (M= 14.74, SD = 1.44; range = 11.9 - 18.3) participated in the study. Psychological Control Questionnaire, Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale (CPIC), UCLA Loneliness Scale and Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction Scale, Bullying Scale, and Adolescent Family Process Measure (monitoring subscale) were administered to the students in a group session. Structural Equation Modeling analyses revealed that interparental conflict had a detrimental role on parental control behaviors leading to heightened psychological control and lessened parental monitoring. Interparental conflict also directly related to increase in female adolescents' loneliness and male adolescents' bullying. Psychological control mediated the relations between adolescents' perceived interparental conflict and loneliness in males and bullying in females. As for monitoring, mediation was observed in the relation between interparental conflict and bullying only in females and for mothers. Our results support both the direct and spillover effects of interparental conflict on adolescent adjustment.
Open Access
The reliability and validity study of the reasonability of prosocial lie test – child form
(Cyprus Mental Health Institute, 2022) Aydın, M. Ş.; Karakelle, S.; Kumru, Asiye; Psychology; KUMRU, Asiye
Children’s perceptions of lying behaviors and their evaluations about different types of lies are among the topics discussed in the field. It is seen that the studies conducted on this subject focus on the lies that are told with antisocial and prosocial intentions that are opposite to each other. Besides, only a few studies have addressed children’s assessments of lies which are told for prosocial reasons. In these studies, it is also known that the researchers used various stories while examining the extent to which children perceive lies as reasonable through different stories. In the current study, it is aimed to conduct the validity and reliability study of the “Reasonability of Prosocial Lie Test-Child Form” in order to see whether the stories whether the stories measure the concept in Turkish sample. In addition, it was investigated for which reasons prosocial lies are more appropriate by focusing on the prosocial type of lying. A total of 277 children, 144 girls and 133 boys, aged between 8 and 13 years, participated in the study. Within the scope of validity studies, an exploratory factor analysis was performed, and it was founded that the final version of the test has an 11-item structure, 6 of which are “politeness lies”, 3 of which are "collaborative lies" emerging after someone else's request, and 2 of which are “negative lies” told for own benefit. In addition, the internal consistency coefficients of the test and the test-retest reliability coefficients revealed that the test was also reliable. The results of the analysis showed that the Reasonability of Prosocial Lie Test-Child Form is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to evaluate which types of lies are more appropriate for children in primary and secondary school.
Open Access
The role of socio-economic status, mother’s psychopathology, reflective functioning and emotion socialization on toddlers’ behavior problems
(Cyprus Mental Health Institute, 2022) Taşdelen, Afra Selcen; Kumru, Asiye; Arıkan, Gizem; Psychology; KUMRU, Asiye; ARIKAN, Gizem; Taşdelen, Afra Selcen
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between socio-economic status (SES), mother’s psychological symptoms, maternal reflective functioning, and mother’s use of emotional socialization practices and child behavioral problems during toddlerhood. The study also aimed to examine sex and age differences on the display of behavior problems of toddlers. Mothers who had children between the ages 1 to 3 and lived in different cities of Turkey (N = 534) participated in the study. The mothers were asked to complete a package of scales consisting of demographic form, Brief Symptom Inventory, Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, Coping with Toddler Negative Emotions Scale, and Child Behavior Checklist. Based on the mothers’ reports, the results of hierarchical regression analyses showed that SES, maternal symptoms, and mother’s use of unsupportive emotion socialization behavior predicted toddler’s externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Also, there was a significant age and sex differences on the child’ externalizing behavior problems with boys scoring higher than girls and older age children displaying more externalizing behavior problems than the younger ones. However, contrary to our expectations, mother’s supportive emotion socialization and reflective functioning didn’t predict child behavior problems. Overall, the present findings provide further support to family process model in predicting child behavior problems.
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The roles of perspective taking, empathic concern, and prosocial moral reasoning in the self-reported prosocial behaviors of filipino and Turkish young adults
(Sage, 2020-11) Gulseven, Z.; Kumru, Asiye; Carlo, G.; de Guzman, M. R.; Psychology; KUMRU, Asiye
Traditional social cognitive model of prosocial development suggests important links between both sociocognitive and socioemotive traits and prosocial behaviors. The present study examined the relations among perspective taking, empathic concern, prosocial moral reasoning, and public, emotional, compliant, and anonymous prosocial behaviors in Filipino and Turkish young adults to test the generalizability of this traditional model. Participants were 257 college students recruited from state universities in Ankara, Turkey (57 women, 83 men; M-age = 19.26 years, SD = 0.63) and Manila, the Philippines (75 women, 42 men; M-age = 18.41 years, SD = 1.44). Results showed that the relations among perspective taking, empathic concern, prosocial moral reasoning, and four types of self-reported prosocial behaviors were robust across two countries and gender. Perspective taking was positively related to empathic concern, which, in turn, was positively related to emotional and compliant prosocial behaviors. Perspective taking was also positively related to prosocial moral reasoning, which, in turn, was positively related to anonymous and negatively related to public prosocial behaviors. Overall, the findings provide support for the generalizability of traditional model of prosocial development and extend our understanding of prosocial behaviors to two non-Western, collectivist-oriented societies.
Open Access
What should I do and who’s to blame? A cross-national study on youth’s attitudes and beliefs in times of COVID-19
(Public Library of Science, 2022-12-21) De Moor, E. L.; Cheng, T. Y.; Spitzer, J. E.; Berger, C.; Carrizales, A.; Garandeau, C. F.; Gerbino, M.; Hawk, S. T.; Kaniušonytė, G.; Kumru, Asiye; Malonda, E.; Rovella, A.; Shen, Y. L.; Taylor, L. K.; van Zalk, M.; Branje, S.; Carlo, G.; Walker, L. P.; Van der Graaff, J.; Psychology; KUMRU, Asiye
The COVID-19 crisis has had a major impact on youth. This study examined factors associated with youth’s attitudes towards their government’s response to the pandemic and their blaming of individuals from certain risk groups, ethnic backgrounds, and countries or regions. In a sample of 5,682 young adults (Mage = 22) from 14 countries, lower perceived burden due to COVID-19, more collectivistic and less individualistic values, and more empathy were associated with more positive attitudes towards the government and less blaming of individuals of certain groups. Youth’s social identification with others in the pandemic mediated these associations in the same direction, apart from the COVID-19 burden on attitudes, which had a positive indirect effect. No evidence of country-level moderation was found.

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