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    Cumin and eucalyptus essential oil standardization using fractional distillation: Data-driven optimization and techno-economic analysis
    (Elsevier, 2024-01) Nikkhah, A.; Nikkhah, H.; Shahbazi, A.; Zarin, M. K. Z.; Beykal İz, Duygu; Ebadi, M. T.; Fakhroleslam, M.
    Cumin and eucalyptus essential oils (EOs) are among the most important and widely used EOs with a broad range of applications in the pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food industries. The seeds and leaves of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) plants are processed with extraction techniques to retrieve their EOs, yet certain product specifications need to be met to achieve a high-quality product. Based on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the essential oils of cumin and eucalyptus should contain certain amounts of cuminaldehyde and 1,8-cineole to be of acceptable quality. In this study, we design and optimize a dynamic fractional distillation process that enriches cumin and eucalyptus EOs to the ISO standards, with concentrations of 42% cuminaldehyde and 80% of 1,8-cineole achieved for each EO respectively. The dynamic model of this process is simulated via Aspen Plus using data from a pilot-scale fractional distillation unit, and the operating conditions that minimize the operational cost in the simulated environment are identified using the NOMAD algorithm. The optimization results show that the operating cost of standardization processes for cumin and eucalyptus EOs are $0.688/batch and $0.6973/batch, with process efficiencies of 69.56% and 59.77%, respectively. Furthermore, the techno-economic analysis for these two standardization processes showed that the total annualized cost was approximately $510,600 for both processes.