In Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) adaptive streaming, the client makes rate adaptation decisions based on the measured network bandwidth and buffer fullness. This simplifies the adaptation logic; however, it often ...

Omnidirectional MediA Format (OMAF) is the first worldwide virtual reality (VR) standard to store and distribute immersive media, completed in 2019. Later, in 2021, the second edition of this standard (OMAF v2) was published. ...

Bandwidth prediction is critical in any Real-time Communication (RTC) service or application. This component decides how much media data can be sent in real time. Subsequently, the video and audio encoder dynamically adapts ...

In September 2020, the Consumer Technology Association (CTA) published the CTA-5004: Common Media Client Data (CMCD) specification. Using this specification, a media client can convey certain information to the content ...

Measuring quality accurately and quickly (preferably in real time) when streaming 360° videos is essential to enhance the user experience. Most quality-of-experience metrics have primarily used viewport quality as a simple ...

Viewport-dependent delivery (VDD) is a technique to save network resources during the transmission of immersive videos. However, it results in a non-zero motion-to-high-quality delay (MTHQD), which is the delta time from ...

Adaptive bitrate (ABR) schemes enable streaming clients to adapt to time-varying network/device conditions to achieve a stall-free viewing experience. Most ABR schemes use manually tuned heuristics or learning-based methods. ...

Efficient use of available bandwidth is vital when streaming 360-degree videos as users rarely have enough bandwidth for a pleasant experience. A promising solution is the combination of viewport-dependent streaming using ...

Live streaming remains a challenge in the adaptive streaming space due to the stringent requirements for not just quality and rebuffering, but also latency. Many solutions have been proposed to tackle streaming in general, ...