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Master ThesisPublication Metadata only Adult children's experiences with parental infidelity in childhoodKökçü, Beyza; Gürmen, Münevver Selenga; Gürmen, Münevver Selenga; Saydam, Fehime Senem Zeytinoğlu; Üstünel, A. Ö.; Department of Psychology; Kökçü, BeyzaThis qualitative study aims to investigate children's experiences with parental infidelity in their childhood by using the interpersonal trauma perspective as a framework. The sample consisted of ten participants, 3 men, and 7 women. A semi-structured interview was held and it took approximately 60 minutes to complete. The ten participants’ ages ranged from 25 to 30 years. The analysis revealed four main themes and 13 subthemes on two levels: intrapersonal and interpersonal. Three intrapersonal themes and related subthemes were identified, namely 1) growing up before their time, 1a) child as a bridge between parents 1b) emotional parentification 1c) knowledge about parental sexual experience; 2) emotional rollercoaster around parental infidelity 2a) repressed anger 2b) disgust about third-party 2c) fear of resembling parent(s) 3) coping with parental infidelity 3a) social support as a coping strategy 3b) hard to remember details of parental infidelity 3c) normalization of infidelity 3d) try to emotional cut off from offending parent and one interpersonal theme was 4) challenges in romantic relationship 4a) hardship in trusting others 4b) multigenerational transmission of infidelity 4c) selectivity in a romantic partner. These intrapersonal themes specified the individual's own process in terms of a new adult like position in the family system, emotional ambivalence around parental infidelity, and the mechanisms they used for dealing with the incidence. Additionally, the interpersonal theme indicated the romantic relationship level for adult children's experiences. The findings of this study provide valuable information for clinical practitioners who work with individuals and couples and families by using a trauma perspective. Future studies can focus more on gender-specific parental infidelity experiences. It can also be investigated by crystalizing parental relationship status after revealed infidelity.Master ThesisPublication Metadata only The role of differentation of self and attachment anxiety in the association between family of origin functioning and couple relationship quality(2019-07) Akar, Kübra; Kafescioğlu, Nilüfer; Kafescioğlu, Nilüfer; Saydam, Senem Zeytinoğlu; Çarkoğlu, A.; Department of Psychology; Akar, KübraThe aim of this study is to investigate the association between family of origin (FOO) functioning and couple relationship quality based on the concepts of Bowen’s family systems theory. The indirect effects of differentiation of self and attachment anxiety on this link were examined. In order to do so, one hundred seventy-three individuals (100 females and 73 males, ages 22-52) who were married for a minimum of 6 months to maximum of 15 years were recruited for the study. Participants completed the demographic form, Family of Origin Scale, Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised, Dyadic Adjustment Scale and the anxiety subscale of Experiences in Close Relationships Scale. Indirect effects were assessed via bootstrapping sampling method in order to test the underlying mechanisms for the link between FOO functioning and couple relationship quality. Results provided considerable support for the relationships among the study variables and hypotheses. FOO functioning was found to be positively associated with couple relationship quality and differentiation of self, and negatively with attachment anxiety. In addition, couple relationship quality was positively associated with differentiation of self and negatively with attachment anxiety. Differentiation of self and attachment anxiety were found to have significant indirect effects on the link between FOO functioning and couple relationship quality. The findings are discussed in line with relevant literature as well as implications for clinical practices and future research.Master ThesisPublication Metadata only Links between executive functions and school readiness(2016) Çelik, Hazal; Tahiroğlu, Deniz; Kumru, Asiye; Karakelle, Şerife Sema; Tahiroğlu, Deniz; Kumru, Asiye; Karakelle, Şerife Sema; Department of PsychologyIn this study, links between executive functions and school readiness in 4- and 5-year-old Turkish children (N = 69) were examined. Both individual assessments (executive functions, and school readiness) and parent reports (executive functions, school readiness) were used to assess the variables of interest. Executive functions were assessed through hot and cool dimensions. It was hypothesized that hot executive functions would be related to social aspects of school readiness whereas cool executive functions would be related to cognitive aspects of school readiness (i.e., math and literacy). There was partial support for the hypotheses; cognitive and social aspects of school readiness were both predicted by cool and hot executive functions. In addition, parent reports were in the same line with behavioral assessments; school readiness was predicted by both cool and hot executive functions. Possible implications, limitations, and future directions were discussed in the light of the findings. Keywords: Hot and cool executive functions, school readiness, learning related behaviors.Master ThesisPublication Metadata only The relationship between maternal psychological well-being, sensitivity and toddlers' observed attahment security in a socio-economic risk group(2019-08) Karabulut, Deniz Hazal; Arıkan, Gizem; Arıkan, Gizem; Acar, İbrahim Hakkı; Harma, M.; Department of Psychology; Karabulut, Deniz HazalA secure relationship between a caregiver and a child is one of the important predictors of positive developmental outcomes in childhood. Previous studies demonstrated that low socio-economic level, maternal mental health symptoms and maternal insensitivity were associated with the formation of insecure relationship (Teti, Gelfand, Messinger, & Isabella, 1995; Radke-Yarrow, 1991; Lyons-Ruth, Connell, Grunebaum, & Botein, 1990). Further, these studies depicted that poor maternal mental health when combined with low SES (Casady, Diener, Isabella, & Wright, 2001) can actually hinder maternal sensitivity and child’s secure attachment (Campell et al., 2004; Gedaly & Leerkes, 2016). However, so far, the relationship between maternal mental health, and maternal sensitivity and attachment security in early childhood has not be shown in a high-risk group such as low-SES. Therefore, this study aims to investigate maternal mental health symptomatology and sensitivity association with toddlers’ attachment security in a low-SES Turkish sample and whether the relationship between maternal mental health symptomatology and attachment security of toddlers mediated by the maternal sensitivity. The onehundred and forty-eight mothers (Mage=30.44 years, SD=4.7) and their toddlers between the age of 12 to 38 months old (Mage=23.18 months, SD=6.7) recruited for the study. In 2 to 3-hours home-visits, mothers’ relationships with their toddlers were video-recorded and then they filled out a pack of questionnaires including a demographic form, Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). The mother-child dyads were coded independently by trained coders for Maternal Behavior Q-Sort (MBQS) and toddlers’ attachment security coded with Attachment Q-Sort (AQS). The correlation analysis showed that maternal mental health negatively, while maternal sensitivity was positively associated with toddlers’ attachment security and this relationship is remained significant in hierarchical regression analysis even after controlling for socioeconomic status. The results showed that maternal sensitivity did not significantly mediated the link between maternal mental health symptomatology and toddlers’ attachment security. The present study showed the impact of socioeconomic and maternal factors on toddlers’ attachment security in a disadvantaged group, which would facilitate for developing preventive interventions that specifically address maternal mental health directly for such high-risk groups.Master ThesisPublication Metadata only Longitudinal relations of maternal socialization and temperament with internalizing and externalizing behavior problems during middle childhood(2016-08) Korkmaz, Duygu; Kumru, Asiye; Gözkan, Ayfer Dost; Çorapçı, F.; Kumru, Asiye; Gözkan, Ayfer Dost; Çorapçı, F.; Department of Psychology; Korkmaz, DuyguInterest in identifying the precursors of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems has been increasing. Studies have shown that both parental socialization and children's temperamental characteristics trigger the chronicity and permanence of children's internalizing and externalizing problems. However, there is less research investigating the influences of parental socialization on children's internalizing and externalizing problems through children's temperament during middle childhood in non-Western contexts. Thus, this study aimed to examine the longitudinal relations between parental socialization of children's negative emotions, children's temperament and internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as the mediational effect of temperament on the relations between parental socialization and these problem behaviors with Turkish children. Total of 340 mothers and their children were recruited from Bolu, Istanbul, and Ankara. Coping with Negative Emotions scale at age 7, Children's Behavior Questionnaire at age 8, and CBCL/6-18 at age 9 were used in the study. Results showed that maternal punitive and minimization reactions were positively related to children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Attentional focusing and shifting were negatively associated with internalizing problems, and impulsivity was positively correlated with externalizing problems, but inhibitory control was negatively linked to externalizing problems. Moreover, maternal punitive reactions were negatively correlated with attentional focusing and shifting. Furthermore, maternal punitive reactions were directly and indirectly related to externalizing problems, and they indirectly influenced externalizing problems via inhibitory control. These findings suggest that maternal reactions to children's negative emotions and children's temperament contribute to better understanding of children's internalizing and externalizing problems.Master ThesisPublication Metadata only The contributions of intolerance of uncertainty, resilience, and coping strategies on emerging adults’ future career anxiety and test anxietyİngeç, Duygu; Gözkan, Ayfer Dost; Gözkan, Ayfer Dost; Acar, İbrahim Hakkı; Acartürk, C.; Department of Psychology; İngeç, DuyguThe purpose of the current study was to examine the indirect effect of resilience and certain coping strategies (seeking social problem-solving solving coping, avoidance) on associations between emerging adults’ intolerance of uncertainty, future career anxiety, and test anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample consisted of 481 (357 female, 121 male, and 3 non-binary) emerging adults aged between 18 and 30 (Mage = 22.03, SD= 2.62). Participants completed the study questionnaire online. The indirect effects of resilience and coping strategies on association between intolerance of uncertainty, future career anxiety, and test anxiety were tested. Findings showed that intolerance of uncertainty was positively, resilience was negatively associated with future career anxiety and test anxiety. Moreover, problem-focused coping was positively associated with future career anxiety. Additionally, results showed that intolerance of uncertainty was indirectly linked with future career anxiety and test anxiety via resilience. Also, intolerance of uncertainty was indirectly linked with future career anxiety via problem-focused coping. Findings of the current study are discussed considering limitations and future directions.Master ThesisPublication Metadata only Exploring differentiation of self and relationship happiness in newly married women: The mediating role of attachment styles and attachment behaviorsÖzbilgin, İrem; Saydam, Fehime Senem Zeytinoğlu; Saydam, Fehime Senem Zeytinoğlu; Acar, İbrahim Hakkı; Erdem, G.; Department of Psychology; Özbilgin, İremThe aim of the present study was to investigate the direct and indirect contributions of differentiation of self, attachment styles, and attachment behaviors, on relationship happiness. The sample consisted of 194 Turkish women. Eligibility criteria included being a woman, being above the age of 25, being married for the first time and for a maximum of 5 years. The participation was online via Qualtrics. The survey set included demographic form, Differentiation of Self Inventory – Revised (DSI-R), Experiences in Close Relationships – Revised (ECRR), Brief Accessibility, Responsiveness, Engagement Scale (BARE) and Relationship Happiness Questionnaire (RHQ) (Işık & Bulduk, 2015; Saydam et al., 2020; Sümer, 2006; Tuterel-Kışlak, 2002). Bivariate correlations and path analysis were run to test the hypotheses. The serial mediation model revealed that DoS predicted attachment behaviors through attachment avoidance, and attachment avoidance predicted relationship happiness through attachment behaviors. Overall, the ability to self-regulate and to remain both autonomous and connected in intimate relationships decreased the individual's discomfort with intimacy, and in turn, enabled the person to remain accessible, responsive, and engaged with their partner, which in turn improved their relationship happiness. These findings suggest that the ability to self-regulate is a prerequisite for avoidantly attached individuals to be able to coregulate with their partners, which will in turn enhance their relationship happiness. Findings are discussed in light of the previous literature considering clinical implications, limitations and future directions.Master ThesisPublication Metadata only The links between use of mental state verbs, theory of mind and social skills in middle childhood(2019-12) Gökbalkan, Cansu; Ünal, Ercenur; Ünal, Ercenur; Acar, İbrahim Hakkı; Tahiroğlu, D.; Department of Psychology; Gökbalkan, CansuUnderstanding mental states and using terms to express this understanding are considered to be important for social interaction. However, only a few studies examined mental state language, ToM and social skills together. The present study aimed to assess the nature of the association between mental state language and ToM and whether it extends to social skills in terms of two dimensions which were social competence and antisocial behaviors in school-age children. Participants were 80 Turkish elementary school children between the ages of 6 to 10 (Mage = 8.48, SD = 1.00, 43 girls). Mental state language, ToM, linguistic competence and general cognitive ability were assessed through behavioral tasks, and social skills were measured through teachers’ reports. A hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that even though mental state language continued to be associated with ToM in elementary school, there were also other cognitive abilities such as linguistic complexity and general cognitive ability that accounted for the association between mental state language and ToM. In addition, ToM mediated the association between mental state language and social competence. Antisocial behaviors, on the other hand, were negatively correlated with mental state language but not with ToM. These results provided important contributions to understand the nature of the link between mental state language and ToM and its extent to social skills.Master ThesisPublication Metadata only The effects of social support, differentiation of self and locus of control on anxiety(2019-07) Yahyaoğlu, Sinem; Saydam, Fehime Senem Zeytinoğlu; Saydam, Fehime Senem Zeytinoğlu; Gürmen, Münevver Selenga; Gürel, G. E.; Department of Psychology; Yahyaoğlu, SinemThis quantitative cross-sectional study was designed to examine the effects of social support, locus of control and differentiation of self on anxiety. Using the Bowen’s Family Systems Theory, we aimed at examining the same relationship with a systemic lens. The data was collected both online and via pen-and-paper style. Four hundred and forty five students, from various universities in Istanbul, participated in this study. Eligibility criteria included being in the age range of 18 to 25 years old, and being able to speak and understand Turkish. The data was collected from 445 university students. Most of the participants were females (n=327, 73.5%), from middle SES level (n=219, 49.2%), 4th grade students (n=172, 38.7%) and they reported having no anxiety related psychological problems (n=405, 91%). The participation was mainly online via Qualtrics link (n=278, 62.5%). A set of questionnaire included demographic form, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Differentiation of Self Inventory (DoSI), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and Rotter’s Locus of Control Scale (RLCS). Hierarchical linear regression was conducted in IBM SPSS Statistics 21. As a result, differentiation of self was found to be associated with trait anxiety after accounting for social support and locus of control variables. That is, as the level of differentiation of self increased, the level of trait anxiety decreased. This result was in line with the previous literature findings. However, social support and external locus of control were found to be associated with state anxiety. Therefore, this study has not only filled the gap in the literature with Turkish population, but also has emphasized the importance of differentiation of self. More longitudinal studies with a systemic perspective should be need in future research. In fact, we would be able to understand the complex nature of anxiety as practitioners who work in the field and be able to develop systemic interventions that benefit people living with anxiety.Master ThesisPublication Metadata only Basic psychological needs satisfaction and identity statuses across two social contexts in emerging adulthood(2016-08) Erçelik, Pınar; Dost Gözkan, Ayfer; Dost Gözkan, Ayfer; Kumru, Asiye; Karakulak, A.; Department of Psychology; Erçelik, PınarThe present study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived psychological needs satisfaction and identity statuses in emerging adults across two social contexts i.e., parents and best friend. Data were collected as online self-report questionnaires from emerging adults aged between 18 and 26. A total of 288 university students completed questionnaires related to identity statuses and basic psychological needs satisfaction with mother, father and best friend. The results showed that needs satisfaction with the peer was significantly greater than needs satisfaction with parents. In addition, there was a significant effect of year of university education on identity diffusion such that identity diffusion was more prevalent in first year students than students with at least five year university education. Futher, multiple regression analyses indicated that needs satisfaction with best friend predicted all the identity statuses. However, needs satisfaction from mother predicted identity moratorium together with best friend and needs satisfaction from father predicted identity foreclosure jointly with best friend. The findings were discussed in the light of previous studies and future directions were provided.